Understanding Java bytecode

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Java bytecode


Java bytecode is the instruction set of the Java virtual machine. Each bytecode is composed of one, or in some cases two bytes that represent the instruction (opcode), along with zero or more bytes for passing parameters. Of the 255 possible byte-long opcodes, as of 2015, 198 are in use (~78%), 54 are reserved for future use (~21%), and 3 instructions (~1%) are set aside as permanently unimplemented.

The Java bytecode system does not directly support floating point operations beyond 32 bits, except indirectly via bytecodes that enable use of 64-bit and 80-bit intermediate IEEE floating point operations.

Java machine level language


outer:
for (int i = 2; i < 1000; i++) {
    for (int j = 2; j < i; j++) {
        if (i % j == 0)
            continue outer;
    }
    System.out.println (i);
}
A Java compiler might translate the Java code above into byte code as follows, assuming the above was put in a method:
0:   iconst_2
1:   istore_1
2:   iload_1
3:   sipush  1000
6:   if_icmpge       44
9:   iconst_2
10:  istore_2
11:  iload_2
12:  iload_1
13:  if_icmpge       31
16:  iload_1
17:  iload_2
18:  irem
19:  ifne    25
22:  goto    38
25:  iinc    2, 1
28:  goto    11
31:  getstatic       #84; // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
34:  iload_1
35:  invokevirtual   #85; // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(I)V
38:  iinc    1, 1
41:  goto    2
44:  return

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